How do we measure the time that has passed since al-Qaeda terrorists flew hijacked planes into the World Trade Center and Pentagon and crashed another in a field in Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001? It has been 20 years; that’s of course the obvious answer.

All told, the Costs of War project at Brown University pegs the human cost of the post-9/11 wars at up to 929,900 people. Even this harrowing figure is surely an undercount; the true civilian impact is impossible to tally and likely runs into the millions.

There are the major target nations which have dominated news coverage for the past two decades—names like Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Libya. But in just the last three years alone, the United States military has conducted what it terms “counter-terrorism” operations in no fewer than 85 countries. Mapping out U.S. military activity requires putting pins in essentially the whole of the Middle East, most of Central and South Asia, huge chunks of Southeast Asia, and almost the entire continent of Africa.

The most realistic estimate is that between 48 and 59 million people have been displaced by the U.S. post-9/11 wars. That figure exceeds the displacement totals of every single 20th-century war except World War II. The years since September 11th have been defined by an unceasing global refugee crisis.

The U.K.-based educational charity ‘Since 9/11’ sums up over 60 significant attacks—including the public transit bombings in Madrid, London, and Mumbai; one-off “Lone Wolf” attacks where vans driven on sidewalks become weapons; and all sorts of violent acts around the world since September 2001. When she was the lone vote against authorizing the war in Afghanistan immediately after 9/11, Rep. Barbara Lee warned that “military action will not prevent further acts of international terrorism.” She’s been proven right.

Economists at the Watson Institute crunched the numbers. They added up the entirety of the United States’ war spending from 2001 all the way through to the allocations made for 2022. Put together, the amounts budgeted for direct overseas operations by the Department of Defense, the interest on the borrowing to cover those operations, State Department war-related costs, the medical care for soldiers injured, DOD base budget increases due to post-9/11 wars, Homeland Security counter-terrorism expenses, and the 30 years’ worth of additional veteran disability and health costs that are expected, and the total is a staggering $8 trillion.

For comparison, that amount of money could eliminate all student debt in the country and still have $6 trillion left over to go toward things like Medicare for All, rebuilding infrastructure, fighting climate change, and more.For them, the ‘War on Terror’ was an extremely profitable affair. Researcher Jon Schwarz did the math for the stock market share price gains of just the top five U.S. defense contractors (keep in mind there are hundreds of them).

Since George W. Bush launched the war in Afghanistan, drone and missile maker Raytheon’s share price grew by 331%. Tank, submarine, and all-purpose weapon company General Dynamics enjoyed a gain of 625%. For warplane manufacturer Boeing, the number was 975%. Northrup Grumman, most famous for developing the stealth bomber, saw 1,196% price growth. But the biggest winner of all has been Lockheed Martin—the world’s largest weapons company—which accumulated an unbelievable 1,235% gain in share price.

The boards of directors of all these companies are filled with former generals, defense policymakers, and military staffers. Those who make war also make the profits of war.There are so many ways we could count the last 20 years of war and the failure to seek out peace, justice, economic development, and equality in the face of terror. Some are easier to quantify, as the numbers above show.

Other developments, like the explosion of right-wing racism and ultra-nationalism that was sparked by the reactionary policies of governments in the post-9/11 period, are harder to calculate. Extremist leaders around the world leveraged it for their own political gain, with Donald J. Trump standing as the most globally powerful case. Future elections in the U.S. and around the world will see these groupings challenge for greater power.

Whether we count the past two decades in terms of lives lost, attacks perpetrated, or dollars spent, the period since September 11th stands out for its excessiveness and waste in both human and financial terms. But the whole era is, unfortunately, just another phase in a long stretch of the endless war carried out by U.S. imperialism since 1945.

Following the worldwide effort to defeat fascism, the United States launched the Cold War, which featured many deadly and profitable “hot” wars along the way in places like Korea, Vietnam, and others. Amidst the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc passing into non-existence, the first Gulf War was launched, then the permanent war on Iraq that it initiated, the dismemberment of Yugoslavia, and interventions in Africa and elsewhere. Afghanistan and the second Gulf War—episodes in the War on Terror—followed.

The withdrawal of the last U.S. troops from Afghanistan these past few weeks has commentators asking whether the era of the “forever war” is finally over.Even before the pullout from Afghanistan, though, U.S. imperialism was already looking around for its next target. The war machine operated by the likes of Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Raytheon, and the rest must be fed, and their political representatives in Washington can surely be counted on to gin up the conflicts needed to keep taxpayer money flowing in their direction.

The clear long-term moneymaker will be a new Cold War with China, along with reviving the old rivalry with Russia. Preparedness will be the watchword of the weapons dealers—stock up on military hardware in case it is needed, they will argue.But there will still be the smaller chances for cash grabs as the drone wars undoubtedly carry on, likely in Afghanistan and Pakistan and across the Middle East. Iran and North Korea—the other members of Bush’s original “Axis of Evil” along with Saddam Hussein’s Iraq—can also still be used to generate fear when needed.

The American and NATO troops have withdrawn from Afghanistan after a twenty year of bloody war but the war will continue in different parts of the world in varying forms to suit the interests of the multinational corporations and their major backers.